Know your rights about vaccines, ill colleagues, and more
NEW YORK (AP) -- A boss who's worried about an outbreak of measles in the workplace needs to tread lightly.
Reports of a growing number of measles cases have employers wondering what they should be doing. But federal and state laws can limit their ability to require workers to be vaccinated. And it may be risky to even ask staffers whether they've gotten a measles or other type of vaccination.
News about a measles case in the New York City area has clients calling human resources provider Alcott HR Group seeking advice, says Bob Byrnes, director of risk management with the New York-based company.
"They're asking, what can they do? Can they go up and ask people if they're vaccinated, or if their children are," Byrnes says.
Some questions and answers about measles and the workplace:
Q. Can an employer require workers to be vaccinated against measles, or any other disease?
A. Legally, an employer can tell workers they must be vaccinated, but doing so puts them at risk for lawsuits under federal and state laws designed to shield workers from discrimination and protect their privacy.
Workers might bring lawsuits under the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, which prohibits discrimination on medical grounds in the workplace. If they have religious beliefs that forbid their being vaccinated, they can also sue employers for discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
"Employers should weigh the risks of mandating vaccinations or even asking about them before proceeding," says Audrey Mross, an employment law attorney with Munck Wilson Mandala in Dallas.
Q. What about people who work in health care or who handle food? Can they be forced to be vaccinated?
A. Employers in these industries may have more legal leeway in telling workers they need to be vaccinated. But even those workers cannot be forced to have vaccinations. There have been lawsuits against hospitals that tried to mandate vaccinations, and the health care facilities backed away from the requirement, Mross says.
If health care workers refuse to be vaccinated, they're likely to be assigned to work that doesn't involve contact with patients, Alcott HR Group's Byrnes says.
Some states have mandated that health care workers be vaccinated for diseases like the flu. There have been court and legislative challenges to some of the requirements, and some states have exemptions that allow health care workers to decline vaccinations on medical or religious grounds, or because they are philosophically opposed to vaccinations.
Q. Why is it a problem to ask workers if they or their children have been vaccinated?
A. Laws including the ADA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, or GINA, are designed to protect workers' privacy. Protection under federal law extends to a worker's family.
Q. What if employees suspect that a co-worker has measles and ask the boss about their health? What should an employer do?
A. If an employer is aware of a staffer's illness, the boss cannot discuss the worker's health with other employees, Byrnes says. Even if a staffer has gone public about an illness, an employer is still bound by the ADA and HIPAA not to reveal any information about it.
What employers can and should do is educate staffers about how to prevent the spread of disease. And they can encourage workers to stay home if they don't feel well for any reason, whether or not measles is suspected.
Q. What if workers say they're not vaccinated, and have been exposed to someone with measles? Can an employer tell them to stay home?
A. Yes, but they should be placed on paid leave. That's what Walt Disney Parks and Resorts did after several workers at its California theme parks were infected with measles. (Disney CEO Bob Iger said Tuesday that the measles outbreak is having no discernible impact on attendance at the company's parks and resorts).
"A paid leave of absence is the best and most conservative option right now," says Brooke Iley, an employment law attorney with Blank Rome in Washington, D.C.
Business owner Ariel Ozick has asked his staff to stay home for five days if they're not vaccinated against measles and have been traveling.
"Once you're flying through all the main hubs, you're going to get that exposure," says Ozick, owner of ArrestRecords.com, a background search company in Jackson, Wyoming.
Q. Suppose someone at work has measles and the employer doesn't disclose to other staffers that one of their colleagues is ill. Could the other employees, if they become ill, sue the employer?
A. Employers are on safest ground if they put their obligations under laws like the ADA and HIPAA first, attorneys say.
It's highly doubtful that an employer who complied with anti-discrimination and privacy laws would be found responsible for other staffers' illnesses, says Veena Iyer, an employment law attorney with Nilan Johnson Lewis in Minneapolis.
Employers are required to provide a safe workplace that's free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or physical harm, attorney Mross says. But a case of the measles likely won't fall into that category, she says.
Employers can also be protected by the fact that measles tends to start with a runny nose; many people are at work with runny noses from colds and allergies, so an employer wouldn't necessarily know that someone at work had been infected.
"An employer cannot reasonably be expected to police a workforce at this level," attorney Iley says.
Reports of a growing number of measles cases have employers wondering what they should be doing. But federal and state laws can limit their ability to require workers to be vaccinated. And it may be risky to even ask staffers whether they've gotten a measles or other type of vaccination.
News about a measles case in the New York City area has clients calling human resources provider Alcott HR Group seeking advice, says Bob Byrnes, director of risk management with the New York-based company.
"They're asking, what can they do? Can they go up and ask people if they're vaccinated, or if their children are," Byrnes says.
Some questions and answers about measles and the workplace:
Q. Can an employer require workers to be vaccinated against measles, or any other disease?
A. Legally, an employer can tell workers they must be vaccinated, but doing so puts them at risk for lawsuits under federal and state laws designed to shield workers from discrimination and protect their privacy.
Workers might bring lawsuits under the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, which prohibits discrimination on medical grounds in the workplace. If they have religious beliefs that forbid their being vaccinated, they can also sue employers for discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
"Employers should weigh the risks of mandating vaccinations or even asking about them before proceeding," says Audrey Mross, an employment law attorney with Munck Wilson Mandala in Dallas.
Q. What about people who work in health care or who handle food? Can they be forced to be vaccinated?
A. Employers in these industries may have more legal leeway in telling workers they need to be vaccinated. But even those workers cannot be forced to have vaccinations. There have been lawsuits against hospitals that tried to mandate vaccinations, and the health care facilities backed away from the requirement, Mross says.
If health care workers refuse to be vaccinated, they're likely to be assigned to work that doesn't involve contact with patients, Alcott HR Group's Byrnes says.
Some states have mandated that health care workers be vaccinated for diseases like the flu. There have been court and legislative challenges to some of the requirements, and some states have exemptions that allow health care workers to decline vaccinations on medical or religious grounds, or because they are philosophically opposed to vaccinations.
Q. Why is it a problem to ask workers if they or their children have been vaccinated?
A. Laws including the ADA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, or GINA, are designed to protect workers' privacy. Protection under federal law extends to a worker's family.
Q. What if employees suspect that a co-worker has measles and ask the boss about their health? What should an employer do?
A. If an employer is aware of a staffer's illness, the boss cannot discuss the worker's health with other employees, Byrnes says. Even if a staffer has gone public about an illness, an employer is still bound by the ADA and HIPAA not to reveal any information about it.
What employers can and should do is educate staffers about how to prevent the spread of disease. And they can encourage workers to stay home if they don't feel well for any reason, whether or not measles is suspected.
Q. What if workers say they're not vaccinated, and have been exposed to someone with measles? Can an employer tell them to stay home?
A. Yes, but they should be placed on paid leave. That's what Walt Disney Parks and Resorts did after several workers at its California theme parks were infected with measles. (Disney CEO Bob Iger said Tuesday that the measles outbreak is having no discernible impact on attendance at the company's parks and resorts).
"A paid leave of absence is the best and most conservative option right now," says Brooke Iley, an employment law attorney with Blank Rome in Washington, D.C.
Business owner Ariel Ozick has asked his staff to stay home for five days if they're not vaccinated against measles and have been traveling.
"Once you're flying through all the main hubs, you're going to get that exposure," says Ozick, owner of ArrestRecords.com, a background search company in Jackson, Wyoming.
Q. Suppose someone at work has measles and the employer doesn't disclose to other staffers that one of their colleagues is ill. Could the other employees, if they become ill, sue the employer?
A. Employers are on safest ground if they put their obligations under laws like the ADA and HIPAA first, attorneys say.
It's highly doubtful that an employer who complied with anti-discrimination and privacy laws would be found responsible for other staffers' illnesses, says Veena Iyer, an employment law attorney with Nilan Johnson Lewis in Minneapolis.
Employers are required to provide a safe workplace that's free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or physical harm, attorney Mross says. But a case of the measles likely won't fall into that category, she says.
Employers can also be protected by the fact that measles tends to start with a runny nose; many people are at work with runny noses from colds and allergies, so an employer wouldn't necessarily know that someone at work had been infected.
"An employer cannot reasonably be expected to police a workforce at this level," attorney Iley says.